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Organisation Psychology Essay - 1925 Words

Organisation Psychology (Essay Sample) Content: Name ID Number SectionDateThe case study aims at looking on different problems that affect the human resource in Dolphin Oil Services. Oil sector being one of the major product and service delivery providers in Libya is important to look at it. This will help understand the major problems affecting Libyan economy as whole. Dolphin Oil Services is a Libyan company that was established in 1999 with an aim of providing professional approach to the oil sector. The companys main business is to provide high quality services on the oil related fields (Dolphin, 2012). These fields include engineering, oil drilling, hiring out equipment to the oil and gas operators. The company has managed to deliver its services to majority of its clients with satisfaction. The company has been successful since its establishment and has been one of the best performing in the country and especially in the oil sector. Since its establishment the company has been experiencing increased revenues meaning it is performing as expected. The company also has a recruitment policy on a year basis meaning that even the employees increase every year. The company has gained reputation in the recent years as one of the best performing companies in Libya and specifically the oil sector. The company has been one of the highest contributors of revenue to the government through its payment of taxes. Increased company profits means that the company is in a better position financially and it is growing at the projected rate. To show the companys current position and performance we refer to the annual report on finances. This will be projected from comparing two years that is 2011 and 2012 (Dolphin, 2012).Annual financial figure20122011In millions except per share dataRevenues 1.253.31,135.1Adjusted EBITDA534.8475.4EBIT impairment charges141.3130.5Net income33.7(14)EPS basic0.16(0.07)EPS diluted0.15(0.07)Cash flow from operations480.4355.5Capital expen ditures(whether paid or not)279.9223.5Multi-client cash investment203.9166.7Total assets 3,137.23,035.0Multi-client library334.1310.8Cash and cash equivalent424.7432.6Shareholders equity1,771.71,755.3Net interest bearing debt394.2279.2Looking at the table above one can tell that the company is performing successfully at the oil industry. Looking at the revenue those of 2011 were lower than those of 2012 this can be attributed to increased business as the company gained reputation which helped increase the clients base. Looking at net income in 2011 the company had negative net income which means it was earning losses but this has changed in 2012 and the company has improved to earn millions in net income. This means that the company position and performance in the industry has improved. Therefore, the company has become stable in the past one year. The company has also increased it assets so as to be able to handle it clients and to widen the services it can be able to offer to the clients. The company has also increased the number of employees as compared to 2011 so as to perform better and offer quality services to the clients (Dolphin, 2012).The internal environment of the company is favourable because the management is very friendly to the other staff. They are also supportive to the staff in performing their duties. This favourable working environment is a motivator to the staff to perform their duties in the best way possible. The external environment has been a bit hostile since the over throwing of Late Gaddaffi government which meant that there was no peace in the whole of Libya.Problem identificationThe problem to be reviewed is motivation in the Dolphin Oil Services. Motivation refers to the force that drives employees in an organization to increase their effort to do their duties in a perfect way without being disrupted by any obstacles as they work to satisfy customer needs (Herzberg, Mausner Snyderman, 1959). It can also be defined as how an employee works hard and in a passionate way to accomplish their duties persistently. Most companies works towards motivating their employees so as to increase the companies profits through increased out and productivity (Lauby, 2005).There are many researchers who have laid down strategies on how employees can be motivated to perform their duties and satisfy customer needs. Motivation is any activity that the company owners and management take for the benefit of their employees with an aim of raising their productivity and output (Neuberger Beck, 1978). This is done to bring out the best from the employees giving them the most favorable working environment. There are different ways and methods of motivation as they will be explained in the course of this project (Kehoe, 2007).Motivation among employees is determined by different factors such as how employees enjoy or how they are proud of their job or place of work. Motivation in company runs from the top management to the low level workers. The more the motivated the employees are the more the company is any to realize its goals and objectives. There are so many factors that a company can use to motivate its employees (Rosenstiel, 2001). These factors include better working conditions, better remuneration package, fair promotions, and fair treatment at the place of work. This means that there is no discrimination of any kind such as racial or sexual. Presence of these factors encourages the employees to perform their duties to the best of their ability so as promote the image of the company and help the company to achieve its goals and objectives (Neuberger Beck, 1978). Motivation among employees is a key determinant of how the employees will perform their duties and realize their full potential (Bruggemann, 1976).Solution to the problemIn Dolphin Oil Services the problem of motivation has been evident from the feedback given by the employees during interviews. There were forty (40) respondent chosen at random and the questionnaire was mailed to them and they were to complete it and mail it back. The questions to be answered were related to workers motivation in their place of work. Their responses have been presented in table forms and interpreted in charts and graphs. This will help for better understanding (Bruce, 2003). Employees Motivation responsesQuestion1. How often do you feel there is fair treatment at your place of work?Table 1Job prideFrequencyPercentageAlways1537.5Sometimes2050Never512.25Total40100 EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s 
Author (2012)On whether the employees are proud of their work, 15 of the 40 respondents who amounted 37.5% of the respondents reported that there always fair treatment in their place of work. 20 out of the 40 respondents who amounted to 50% reported that sometimes there was fair treatment. The remaining 5 out of the 40, these amounted to 12.5% of the respondents answered that there was no fair treatme nt and they cited race as one of the factors of discrimination.Question 2: Does your company provide avenues for employee motivation?Table 2 Presence of motivation avenuesFrequencyPercentageYes2562.5No1537.5Total40100Author (2012) EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s 
Author (2012)On the factor of whether the company provides avenues for employee motivation, 25 0f the 40 respondents who were the same as 62.5% of the participants were of the observation that avenues for employee motivation are provided, while 37.5% of the respondents were of the view that no avenues are provided by the company to ensure employee motivation. This shows that there are employees who feel that the company does not motivate the employees (Downing and Clark, 2010).Question 3: Do you feel that your organization motivates employees using the following?Table 3Employee motivation factorsFrequencyPercentageJob satisfaction1025Participatory management512.5Recognition and promotions1025Incent ives and salary increment1537.5Total40100Author (2012) EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s 
Author (2012)On the motivation factors employed by the company, the following results were achieved. 25% of the employees felt that the company provides job satisfaction as a way of motivating employees, 12.5% felt that the company employed participatory management, 25% felt that the company used recognition and promotion to motivate employees, while 37.5% of the respondents felt that Incentives and salary increment was used by the company to motivate employees.Question 4: Does motivation affect employee performance in your organization?Table 4Employee performance in relation to motivationFrequencyPercentageYes2562.5No1537.5Total40100Author (2012) EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s 
Author (2012)On the study about whether employee motivation affects employee performance, 62.5% of the respondents interviewed were of the view that employee motivation has an effect on how they perform in t heir duties, whether positively or negatively. On the other hand, 37.5% of the 40 respondents interviewed were of the view that employee motivation and performance are not related; hence motivation does not affect employee motivation.Therefore, given the above feedbacks employee motivation is a great problem in the company and needs to be addresses so as the company can continue to deliver the best services to its clients. Majority of the respondents feels that the company has done something little of promoting workers motivation. They feel that employment is important for the growth of the company and better performance of employees. Since implementing employees motivation at once in the whole company it will be expensive the company will start implementing the policy at the departments level. ...

Sacred Groves and Stewardship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1551 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Religion Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Population Essay Did you like this example? India is a land of varied cultures, religions and people. Unity in diversity is the mantra of the land. Among all these diversifications is found an impressive population of tribal people. These tribal people are believed to be the true inhabitants of India. Almost all the states in India have significant presence of tribal people who constitute impressive portion of the population of the state. The tribal people in India have their own cultures and traditions which are in true agreement with the Indian civilizations and cultures. Population of the tribes in India The population of the tribal people in India crosses 20 million. Each tribe is distinguished from another. The tribal people in India are different not only in terms of physical appearance but also in terms of their cultural identity. The large variety of tribal clans is found in the North East regions of India. States like Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh have deep conc entration of tribal people. Tribal Cultures in North East Each of the tribes found in the North East regions of the country are marked for their unique and distinguished cultures. They have their own rituals, beliefs, festivals, dances, songs and ways of living. But one thing which is common in all the tribal people is that their cultures display a lot of power, joy, vibrancy and enthusiasm. Their festivals are specifically marked for their hospitality and a strong bond of love for each other. Tribal cultures in Orissa Orissa is one of the Indian states which have impressive number of tribal clans. The tribal culture in Orissa has adapted itself to many of the Hindu traditions prevalent in the region. The true colors of the tribal cultures in Orissa can be seen on occasions like birth, death, marriage and festivals. They make the occasion vibrant with their unique performance of dance and music. Introduction: India has traditionally been the home of different cultures and peop le. Unity in diversity is one of the most prominent features in the people of India. Among the diversified population a significant portion is comprised of the tribal people, the original inhabitants of the land. The tribal culture of India and their traditions and practices pervade almost all of the aspects of Indian culture and civilization. The different tribes in India: In India one can find almost a new dialect, culture, and different people after moving 50 kms in any direction. Likewise the tribal population is also very much varied and diversified. The present tribal population of India is approximately 20 million all together. The tribes each one of them is a distinctive community either migrated from another place or the original inhabitants of the land. These different tribes still inhibits the different parts especially the seven states of the North Eastern part, and almost each and every corner of the land. The distinctiveness of the tribes lies their rituals, culture s, beliefs and above all the harmony in which they survive in unison with nature. Their living perfectly depicts a well balanced give and take procedure that in no way disrupts the ecological balance. Tribal Cultures of India: One has to love tribal culture in India to understand the uniqueness of their culture. Warm hospitality, simple ways of living and sincere judgment of the opinions are some of the traits that mark the tribal cultures of India. Their custom depicts their belief in simplicity. Most of the tribes in India have their own gods and goddesses that reflects the dependence of Tribal people on nature. Except for the few most of the tribes in India is sociable, hospitable, and fun loving along with strong community bonds. Some of the tribes shares patriarchal cultural ties and some of the tribal societies are women oriented. They have their own festivals and celebrations. The tribal people are clinging to their identity despite of the external influences that threa tened the tribal culture especially after their post independence turbulent period. ****************************************************************************** India has habitually upheld its tradition and has sufficed as a home to umpteen cultures and people. `Unity in diversity` is one of the most spectacular features amongst the population of India. Among the diversified population, a significant portion comprises the tribal people, the aboriginal inhabitants of the primeval land. Tribal culture of India, their traditions and practices interpenetrate almost all the aspects of Indian culture and civilisation. The different tribes in India if ever counted can move up to a mind boggling number, with all their ethnicities and impressions. In India almost a new dialect can be witnessed each new day; culture and diversification amongst the tribals can also be admired from any land direction. The tribal population is also pretty much varied and diversified. Quite manifestly, In dian tribal culture should assimilate and mirror a definitive section of the society. The current tribal population of India is approximately 20 million altogether. Each of the tribes is a distinctive community, either migrated from a different place or the original denizens of the land. These various tribes still inhabit the different parts, especially the seven states of the North-eastern region and almost each and every nook of the country. The speciality of the Indian tribes lies in their customs, cultures, beliefs and, in particular, the harmony in which they survive in unanimity with nature. Tribal living perfectly portrays a well-balanced environment, a procedure that in no way upsets the ecological balance. In order to entirely comprehend tribal culture in India, to understand the uniqueness of their culture, a detailed study is very much required by travelling within the society. Affectionate hospitality, undemanding ways of living and earnest judgement of the opinions a re some of the characteristic traits that earmark tribal cultures of India. Their customs mirror their confidence in simplicity. Most of the tribes in India possess their own gods and goddesses, reflecting the dependence of tribal people on nature and animism. Except for the few, most of the tribes in India are affable, hospitable and fun-loving, coupled with potent community bonding. Some of the tribes share patriarchal cultural ties and some of the tribal societies are inclined towards women-oriented issues. They thus have their own festivals and celebrations. Indigenous Cultures The indigenous and ethnic people of the world have learnt to live in most hostile environmental condition in this universe. The most interesting feature associated with these indigenous and ethnic has been found that, they live in localities which are immensely rich in biodiversity. It is estimated that about 300 million indigenous people are living in world, out of which nearly half i. e. 150 milli on are living in Asia, about 30 million of which are living in Central and South America and a significant number of them are living in Australia, Europe, New Zealand, Africa, and Soviet Union. A list of some of these prominent ethnic and indigenous people is presented in table -1. These ethnic and indigenous people have played a vital role in conservation of environmental management and development process as they posse’s traditional knowledge which has been useful in Eco-restoration. It has been noticed that these people know how to live with harmony in nature. Indigenous Tribes in India In India, 68 million people belonging to 227 ethnic group and comprising of 573 tribal communities derived from six racial stocks namely Negroid, Proto- Australoid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, West Breachy and Nordic exists in different part of the country (Pushpgandhan 1). These ethnic people mostly the indigenous tribals live close in the vicinity of forests and have managed and conserv ed the biodiversity of their localities since long time. These tribals take shelter from forest and utilize wild edible plants both raw and cooked. The flower and fruits are generally eaten raw where as tubers, leaves and seeds are cooked. Tribals utilize forest produce, forest timber and fuelwood. These tribals are living in forest since ages and have developed a kind of affinity with forests. India is a country with large ethnic society and has immense wealth due to which it is rich in biodiversity. There are 45,000 species of wild plant out of which 9,500 species are ethnobotanically important species. Of these 7,500 species are in medicinal use for indigenous health practices. About 3,900 plant species are used by tribals as food (out of which 145 species comprise of root and tubers, 521 species of leafy vegetables, 101 species of bulbs and flowers, 647 species of fruits), 525 species are used for fiber, 400 species are used as fodder, 300 species are used in preparation a nd extraction of chemicals which are used as naturally occurring insecticides and pesticides, 300 species are used for extraction of gum, resins, dyes and perfume. Indigenous Culture and Religions In addition to these a number of plants are used as timber, building material and about 700 species are culturally important from moral, cultural, religious, aesthetic and social point of view of. Indian sub-contient is one of the twelve mega-centres of biodiversity representing two of the eighteen hotspots of biological diversity one occurring in Western Ghat and another in North- Eastern Himalaya (Zeven and Zhikovsky 3). Floristically 141 endemic genera belonging to over 47 families of higher plant occur in India In India 11. 95% of the world’s biodiversity has been conserved by ethnic people in many ways(Arora,4). Botanical survey of India has reported 46,214 plant species are found in India of global flora of these 17,500 represents flowering plants. Thirty seven of these are endemic and found in North -East of India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sacred Groves and Stewardship" essay for you Create order

Prevention And Prevention Of Measles - 1163 Words

Shots might hurt and can be life-threatening but it can be worth to prevent disease. Immunization is also known as vaccination. They are essential for adults as well as children to protect against infectious diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and many others diseases (â€Å"Immunization: MedlinePlus,† 2014). Measles is one of the highly infectious diseases caused by virus among all of them. It spreads through the air by coughing and sneezing. It starts with the symptoms like fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat, red eyes and rashes spread all over the body. Usually measles can be prevented with complete recovery as soon as it is vaccinated with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccines but it can lead†¦show more content†¦Parents, whose babies were exposed to measles, were so frightened with this outbreak that they started looking for pediatricians. Some parents even had to take leave from their work to get their babies vacci nated and keep them safe. Also, some families were asked not bring their infected babies into the crowded area by their pediatricians. Clinics started running low on vaccines due to more babies were being vaccinated at the same time causing a major shortage of vaccines. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) infants should get their first measles shot at the age of 12 to 15 months and if they are traveling to other countries than at the age of 6 months (Szabo, 2015). One of the pediatricians Jay Gordon said that measles outbreak changed parents’ opinion and he was receiving many calls for vaccine consultations. He also said, â€Å"People are viewing the vaccine differently. The people in the pharmaceutical industry must be thrilled† (Szabo, 2015). According to Szabo, studies have found 40% of parents do not vaccinate their children at all or on time due to some myths about vaccines (Szabo, 2015). I do not believe such myths because I know that va ccination is for our safety. I suggest parents to consult specialist for more information regarding vaccination and its side effects. Parents should understand life is more valuable than some myth for their children. A rumor about vaccines causing autism is one of reason why measles is

Economics Natural Monopoly

Question: Discuss about theEconomicsfor Natural Monopoly. Answer: Introduction Various forms of market exist in an economy. These markets are differentiated with respect to their attributes or characteristics. Among the various forms of market, natural monopoly is one such form of market, where a single firm has experienced monopoly. The firms are considered as one of the largest suppliers of the products in the market. They are regarded as the most efficient organization in order to handle the supply of the whole market. This helps in analysing the beneficial effect to the society and to the firm as well. Natural monopolist produces at quite a large scale which thereby provides them with the opportunity to produce the total supply of the market by being cost advantageous. The cost incurred in the market to produce the total supply of the market by two or more firms is quite larger than that of the natural monopolist (Browning Zupan, 2014). Hence, it is quite beneficial for the market to promote the existence of just one firm in the market. The government r a regulatory board of the government takes the initiative for setting the price of the natural monopoly products in the market. This essay provides a clear view of how government utilises various economical theories related to different forms of market, imperfections in monopoly, regulation of natural monopoly and how government plans to execute the process of pricing the products. These theories and government regulator implementation would be explained further with the help of an example taken on the Australian Rail Network. This would provide a better analysis on how the government plans to fix the price of the natural monopolist at the point where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. Analysis Forms of market, difference between perfect competition and monopoly and their profit In an economy, a market structure is analysed based on it characteristics and its competition with the other firms. Variation in the attributes of the market helps in framing a particular form of structure of the market, which provides an effect on its products, pricing strategies and competition with the other firms. Depending upon these attributes, a market can be stated as perfect competition or imperfect competition market. Under perfectly competitive market, perfect competitive firms exist. Under an imperfect competition market, monopoly, monopsony, monopolistic competition and oligopoly exists (Case, Fair, Oster, 2014). Among the stated names of the market forms, the two extreme forms of market are perfectly competitive firm and monopoly. Under a perfectly competitive market, the products that are produced by the firms are homogeneous in nature. The buyers and sellers in the market have complete knowledge regarding the product and the prices of the product, hence, each firm in such a market is a price taker. Under a monopoly firm, the firm is the sole proprietor of the market. The products that are produced by the firm are heterogeneous in nature, hence, they set the price of the product on their own will. A monopolist firm practices price discrimination among its customers. It could be stated that the perfect competitive market results in greatest amount of economic surplus (Chopra, 2013). Yet, it i s always found that a monopolist would produce less and charge a higher price in the market for producing the same good or service as that of the perfect competitor firm. This can be illustrated with the help of the following diagram. Figure 1: Effect of Change of a Firm from Perfect Competition to Monopoly (Source: As Created By Author) In the above figure 1, the price of the products of the perfectly competitive firm is fixed where the demand and supply curves of the industry intersect each other. Hence, the price and quantity of the firm is fixed at Pc and Qc respectively. As the perfectly competitive firm is transformed into a monopoly firm, the demand curve of the firm is no longer inelastic in nature. The demand curve that is faced by the monopoly firm is downward sloping. The equilibrium point of the firm is achieved where the marginal cost curve of the firm intersects the demand curve. This results in the price of the product to be pm and the quantity to be Qm. It is quite easily visible from the following diagram that the perfectly competitive for there are m has to provide a quantity greater than that of the monopoly firm and the price charged by them is lesser than the monopoly firm . Hence, it could be stated that when a firm changes from a perfectly competitive framework to a monopolist, there are consid erable chances of earning profits in the industry. Inefficiencies in Monopoly A firm that belongs to the monopoly from f market charges higher price for a lower quantity of products to be supplied in order to attain maximum profit from the business. Hence, this shows that a monopolist firm reduces consumer surplus along with the reduction in economic inefficiency of the market. There is an existence of a deadweight loss in the market (Cooper John, 2013). Hence, it could be stated that the organization exerts social costs in the market thereby promoting certain inefficiencies of the market structure. The inefficiency of the monopoly form of market can be illustrated with the help of figure 2. Figure 2 : Inefficiency In Monopoly Market (Source : As Created By Author) In figure 2, the firms equilibrium is at the point where the marginal cost curve intersects the marginal revenue curve. The equilibrium price and quantity is pm and qm respectively. If it would have been a perfectly competitive market, the price and quantity supplied by the firm would have been Pc and Qc. Hence, it could be stated that there is a reduction in consumer surplus equivalent o the area of the rectangle A. Correspondingly, with the fall in the quantity of goods to be produced in the economy, there is a considerable amount of deadweight loss, equivalent to the area B and C. Under natural monopoly, the number of firms in the industry has been reduced to one. The firm who are acknowledges as natural monopolists are in their long run and have incurred high fixed costs. It is efficient for the market to have just one efficient firm. This would help in increasing the efficiency of the market. Yet, being a single firm in the economy, the natural monopolist charges a high price of its products, raising the inefficiencies of the market and incurring social costs. In order to control such a situation of analysing market power, the government or some other government regulatory body often regulates the natural monopoly firm. Government Regulation The purpose of the government intervention in the monopoly market is to reduce the social loss and increase the social welfare which decreases due to monopoly practices. Following the ideas of the Redmond (2013), it can be said that the producer operating in the natural monopoly market can increase the price of the commodity to such an extent that the social benefits gets reduced. Due to this, the consumers will also lose utility from consuming that commodity. The government intervenes in such cases and pushes the price down to counter the situation in the natural monopoly, as given in the figure below: Figure: Government intervention in a natural monopoly market. Source: As created by the author. According to the figure above, the monopolist who is operating in a natural monopoly market can produce at that point of output, where his marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) equals. In other words the condition can be stated as MR = MC. Following this condition, the monopolist charges a price of Pm, at which Qm quantity is sold. In the views of Stiglitz (2015), this condition causes the society to incur a cost, which no market agents receive. This cost is also named as the dead weight loss. This loss incorporates the buyers losing a portion of their consumer surplus. The government balances this loss by creating a price ceiling, above which the monopolist operating in the natural monopoly situation, cannot charge the consumers. This price level benefits the both the buyers and the society as a whole. The monopolist also receives normal profit due to this. As stated by Scitovsky (2013), the government has the opportunity to stet the price to the point of output where the demand or Average revenue is equal to the producers marginal cost. This will make the producer supply Qe amount of commodity at the price level Pe. This is the efficient level of the market. Here the consumer can buy more commodity at a much lower price, and hence receives a huge benefit. On the other hand, the producer gets back his marginal cost following this price level. The marginal cost is associated with only the variable cost of production. Hence, following this price level the producer will not be able to cover his fixed cost. Therefore, in the long run, the producer incurs loss. This ensures that the social welfare is not maximized here as all the market agents are not getting benefitted at the Pe level of price. As stated before, the government goal is to set a price level which will ensure that the dead weight loss is decreased and the social welfare increases at the same time. So, if the government sets the price level at Pe, the social welfare is not increased at all as the producer incurs a loss which amounts same as his fixed cost of production. In the views of Schubert (2013), this situation will make the producer leave the market as he will not be able to cover his cost. The government can address this issue by creating the price ceiling which will make the producer operate at the output level where his average cost of production and demand or the average revenue are equal (AR = AC). This situation presents a price level Pr and the corresponding level of quantity will be Qr. This situation represents the market situation which is similar to that of a perfectly competitive market structure. Here, the price level is lower than the monopoly market, but higher than the efficient level. In other words, the situation can be presented as Pm Pr Pe. According to Lim (2015), at this level of price the producer will be able to cover both of his variable and fixed cost in the long run. The amount the producer will be supplying at this level of price is Qr which is greater than the monopoly level and lower than the efficient level. This can be written as Qe Qr Qm. The producer at this point of production enjoys the normal profit. The level of price is also reasonable for the consumers. The society also faces no dead weight loss, hence it can be said that this price-output level (Pr, Qr) represents a Pareto efficient situation, deviation from which will ensure social loss. The railway system of Australia, where the government has opted for privatization for some of the parts of the railways, presents a situation of natural monopoly. The government of Australia ensured that two private companies are not operating at the same zone, as it will reduce revenue, efficiency, and social welfare. According to Simon (2015), the government countered this natural monopoly situation with a decreased price level which increases the social welfare and balances the consumer surplus. The private companies are also enjoying more or less normal profit, which helps those to cover both their variable and fixed costs of production. Conclusion The natural monopoly advocates of a situation where no other can seller can enter the market without any active barriers creation process by the producer, due the cost structure in the market. The situation gives the producer the potential to abuse his power by making the price level very high for generating more profit. The government thus intervenes in the market and the production process. The governments goal here is to maximize the social welfare, reduce the dead weight loss, balancing the benefits for both the consumer and the producer. For this purpose the government sets the price at that point where the demand or the average revenue is equal to the average cost. The same situation is observed in the Australian railway system, where the government has opted for privatization, and then set the price at a Pareto efficient level. It benefits both the consumers and the sellers while increasing the social benefit and reducing the dead weight loss of the society. Bibliography Browning, E. K. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Wiley Global Education. Browning, E. K., Zupan, M. A. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. . Wiley Global Education. Case, K., Fair, R., Oster, S. (2014). Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Higher Ed. Chopra, A. (2013). PAT, 2(3.2). CMP: INR1, 398 Buy. , 3-9. Cooper, R., John, A. A. (2013). Macroeconomics: Theory Through Applications. publisher not identified. Lim, C. S. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments. Stanford : Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, mimeo, November. Redmond, W. (2013). Three modes of competition in the marketplace. American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 423-446. Schubert, C. (2013). Is novelty always a good thing? Towards an evolutionary welfare economics. In The Two Sides of Innovation. Springer International Publishing. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition. Routledge., (Vol. 103). Simon, H. (2015). Prices and Decisions. In Confessions of the Pricing Man . Springer International Publishing. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. . WW Norton Company.

The Best College Essay Intros That Actually Worked

If youre starting to give some thought as to what you should write about in your college application essay, remember: admissions officers have thousands of application essays to read. That means you need to have an essay introduction that will grab your readers attention, even if they just give it a quick glance. In the midst of the Class of 2020s acceptance, we bring to you some of the best college essay examples that actually worked:A.oh29Washington University in St. Louis(St. Louis, MO) When I was six years old, I loved to lie down on a grassy hillside by my house and stare at the clouds, anticipating what animal or object I might be able to discern in the white, whispy wonderland. My mind swirled with these breathtaking figures; they were astronomical. As a rebellious child, I sought cloud-watching to escape my seemingly monotonous home life. Even now, I will never become bored from just staring at the blue yonder. Read on.Mit_student_45 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) All my life Ive been stuck right in the middle between fitting in and feeling completely different from everybody else. It wasnt easy making friends as that kid who got dropped off by his abuela every morning at a primarily white elementary school, and then again as the only Americano after my family relocated to Tlaxcala, Mexico†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. At the time, I didnt realize how many of my differences were actually strengths, but the real hindrance about this was that neither did anyone around me. View profile. serena2020Harvard University(Cambridge, MA) . . . I recently helped clean up around Cody High School with my church. I had long looked forward to doing mission work in inner-city Detroit and this was the perfect opportunity. As I picked up litter from highways and around abandoned houses near Cody, I couldn’t help wondering about the kids there. Through some radio podcasts, I learned about the dire academic and graduation outcomes of Codies.Continue reading. Grant2020 University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) It was a dark and stormy night — but actually, it was. A new tradition arose a few years ago at our band camp, the Hunger Games (dont worry, there is absolutely no murder involved); it is an amalgamation of small, seemingly-pointless minute-to-win-it games that pit the different sections of the band against each other, proving who truly has the most spirit. Continue Reading. C.smith20 Middlebury College (Middlebury, VT) Everyone knows the old saying â€Å"How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Practice; Practice; Practice!† Never in a million years did I imagine that would ever be true for me. Maybe it was some arbitrary alignment of the cosmos, or maybe it was a choice. Choices as simple as what to have for breakfast can change our lives. They can affect us in ways we never imagined; they can change the very fabric of our existence. Read on. Found these college essay intros helpful? Create an account andaccess 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

Use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of drug abuse

Use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of drug abuse Drug abuse has been, and still is, a great challenge facing the human society. In spite of the efforts that have been made to curb the vice, it is still impossible to completely phase out the issue of drug abuse from the society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of drug abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures are thus being taken to reduce the use of drug abuse in the society, mitigate the effects that drug abuse has on its patients and also try to cure people who are completely addicted to drugs. Drug abuse and mental illnesses are, in a way, interconnected and thus psychotropic medications are usually used in the treatment of drug abuse patients. It is common knowledge that most drug abuse patients start abusing drugs due to mental illnesses. Thus a person who has a certain mental problem will be more likely to abuse drugs than another person who does not have a mental problem. For instance, a person who has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) will be prone to drug abuse because he/she may reason that if he/she uses drugs, he/she will be able to forget the incident that made his/her succumb to PTSD. This also applies to other categories of mental patients because they seem to take drugs as their haven from the trauma that they go though due to the mental illness. It is thus apparent that the use of psychotropic medications in curing these patients will be effective since it will be easier for the patients to quit taking drugs when their mental condition is healed.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because the mental illness is, literally, the one that sustains the abuse of drugs and thus after it is healed; the patient will have no reason to continue abusing the drugs. On the other hand, if a perso n is a drug addict, he/she is very susceptible to mental illnesses. It thus follows that some drug addicts end up developing mental illnesses that they did not have prior to drug abuse. Therefore, a doctor wishing to treat the drug addiction will find psychotropic drugs very useful. This is because the drugs will be able to reduce or completely treat the mental illness and thus making the patient able to listen well to counsel (â€Å"Drug Abuse†, 2009, p. 1). In the two circumstances discussed above, a number of psychotropic medications can be used. This is because in both cases, mental illnesses co-exist with the problem of drug abuse. The drugs may not have the capacity to impact on the issue of drug abuse intrinsically but they are very helpful because, as stated above, they make the patient willing to attend counseling sessions and listen to the counselors attentively. This, in turn, makes it easier for the addict to be healed through counseling. Some of these psychotropi c drugs include lithium, Neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants may prove to be very useful for specific conditions (Millman, 2005, p. 75). As evidenced in the discussion above, psychotropic medications have a very great role to play in the treatment of drug addicts. This is because of the aforementioned co-existence of drug addiction and psychological problems in the patients of drug abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of drug abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite their usefulness, the doctor making the prescriptions should be very careful when prescribing these medications since most of them work for certain mental illnesses. For instance, antidepressants are effective for patients with depression while MAO inhibitors and tranquilizers may cause undesirable effects on drug addicts. Reference List Millman, R. (2005). Substance Abuse: a compre hensive textbook. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Youth and the United Nations. (2009). Drug Abuse. Web.

Do the research of Marketing(1000 words) and Financing(1250 words) Essay

Do the research of Marketing(1000 words) and Financing(1250 words) strategies - Essay Example The paper shall discuss important financial decisions that could help positively influence the company’s decisions. It is inevitable in the company. The company has branches in Asia, Europe and the USA. The Companies trade with each other, and they establish a price for transaction. According to financial experts, it is a method that tries to minimize the overall tax bill and increase the general profits. To remain competitive and compliant, the company must manage effectively the issue of transfer pricing. The finance section’s tax department has a comprehensive solution that helps in management of every step of transfer pricing step. The company should improve its software provisions because transfer pricing depends heavily on data. Good software will assist the parent company in the US to manage both the external and internal sources. It is a model that demands the company to finance its own operation using internally generated funds. Managers prefer this model because it reduces the risk of under investment, which could result to long-term debt problem. There are scenarios where the company does not have sufficient funds to run its internal operations. Such case will see the company issue debts to finance the operations. Using pecking order theory, the company will avoid financing its internal operations using the external equity capital, which could cause long-term debt. The company grants shares to the members of the public. In the US where the parent company operates, the government introduced Financial Accounting Standards Board. The board demands corporations to operate in restricted stock. It means the company has to value shares theoretically when granted. Literature reviews that concern finance indicates how there is no clear definition of increase in earnings and stock prices after aligning the interests of the employee and the employer in connection with share’s long-term effectiveness (Hinde &

The Future of Policing in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of Policing in America - Essay Example By way of example, the rate of kids joining gangs has increased. Where Hispanic and Asian girls were once satisfied being the girlfriend of a gang member, now they are starting their own gangs. (Felton, 2008) Additionally, as technology becomes more sophisticated, so does the crimes associated with it. Thus, it can reasonably inferred that with an increase in technology, will come an increase in crime. There are various forms of police technology constantly being developed. The Moller M400 Skycar is perhaps the most impressive. With FAA certification expected before 2009, according to Moller International (n.d.), the first deliveries are expected to take place shortly thereafter. As with all new technologies, the first units will not be cheap. The first 500 production models are currently listed between $1,000,000, and $500,000 depending on the delivery position. After that, if production continues and accelerates, Moller is currently estimating that the M400 will sell for between $50,000 and $80,000. This is far cheaper than current private airplanes, and with much improved performance and safety. But, it has been a long time in coming. With the US military currently interested in its development, a successful production vehicle is viable in the near future. Harman (2000). The information contained in Electronic Crime Scene Investigation-A Guide for First Responders (available free of charge and downloadable from the Department of Justice) helps line cops solve crimes that are computer related. Step by step it explains the basic workings of the computer and provides the names of the various parts that make it work. It does not try to go into the technical aspects of this medium, but keeps it simple for the layman to understand. Not only does it talk about just computers, but really as the title suggests, anything that deals with electronic communication. Criminals are certainly using pagers, cell phones, cordless phones, answering machines, digital cameras and the like to commit there criminal acts. Clearly the whole range of electronic communication and information storing, has got to be looked at by law enforcement as a method that can be used by criminals, to exploit as a tool to victimize. The book explains and identifies the various parts of the computer that should be identified by law enforcement as possible evidence of various electronic criminal acts. The Central Processing Unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor are but a few of the main components of the computer that must be identified by law enforcement officers when engaged in the preliminary investigation of electronic crime. Modems, speakers, fax machines and printers are also additional pieces of equipment that must be identified. The fact that most of these electronic devices have the ability to store information must be part of the knowledge that the preliminary crime scene responder possesses. How to access that information has got to be one of the most important aspects of the investigation. Moreover, knowing that you do not have the expertise to access the information is critical.What role will technology play in crime scene

Two Countries Essay Example for Free

Two Countries Essay All countries in the world are unique. There are many differences and similarities between Brazil and the United States. They are different from one another in location, size; culture, government, education, healthcare, economy, and lifestyles. Many countries share similarities and have some differences. Brazil and the United States are in different hemispheres, but these two nations share many similarities. Â  One important similarity is their governments. Both Brazil and the United States have a president as head of state that is elected and only allowed one re-election. They both are federal governments and have a four years term in office. They both governments are guided by a written constitution and have three branches. These are the similarities I could say about their politics. Another similarity between Brazil and the United States is the diversity of ethnic groups. Brazil was colonized by Europeans, and its culture has been greatly influenced by this fact. However, the identity of the Brazilian people is not solely a product of western civilization. Brazil has many ethnic groups that immigrated there and mixed with the native people. The United States also has a diversity of ethnic groups representing the early colonists from northern Europe as well as groups from Africa, the Mediterranean, Asia, and South America. The mixture of cultures and customs has worked to form ethnically rich cultures in both countries. One important difference between Brazil and the United States is the public health system. The Brazilian public health system is the National Health System (SUS), and the United States public health system is managed and provided by government. They both have a private health system with serve in a complementary role. The Brazilian public health services are universal and available to all citizens of the country for free. In the United States public health system is government programs directly cover a small part of the population including the elderly, disabled, children, veterans, and some of the poor. Federal law mandates public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay. Therefore, this is a small difference between these Brazil and the United States’ health system. Finally, Brazil and the United States education systems have public and private schools. They have different ways to enter in college, but the same time is spent in the basic schools. The teacher’s devotion with teaching is the same, but there are different relationships between teachers and students. This is a brief comparison between the Brazilian and American educational system. In conclusion, there are many differences and similarities between countries, as location, size, culture, government, education, healthcare, economy, and lifestyles. These are some elements that could be similar or different between Brazil and the United States.

Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Amy Tan

A Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   In Amy Tan's novel, Joy Luck Club, the mother of Jing-mei recognizes only two kinds of daughters: those that are obedient and those that follow their own mind. Perhaps the reader of this novel may recognize only two types of mothers: pushy mothers and patient mothers.   The two songs, "Pleading Child" and "Perfectly Contented," which the daughter plays, reinforce the underlying tension in the novel. These songs represent the feelings that the daughter, Jing-mei, has had throughout her life. The mother in this novel is pushy. She wants her daughter to become a child prodigy so badly she can practically taste it. She makes Jing-mei perform tests out of magazines to see if she could by some chance be one of those extraordinary children they are always reading about and watching on TV. Jing-mei has no interest in becoming a child prodigy; eventually gives up on these tests, and hence her mother gives up on them, too. The mother also pushed Jing-mei to try and be something she wasn't in the way of looks. After watching Shirley Temple on TV, Jing-mei's mother took her down to the beauty training school so she could get her hair cut to look like a Chinese Shirley Temple. Well, like the tests, the haircut failed too. She ended up with an uneven, Peter Pan looking haircut. Jing-mei's mother said that she now "looked like Negro Chinese" as if it was her fault her hair ended up the way it did (Tan 1208). After the first two attempts to make her daughter into a child prodigy, the mother is just about to give up on the idea that her daughter can be better than what she already is, when her last idea hits her. She was watching the Ed Sullivan show, when she saw a girl playin... ...ause her mother pushed her to hard to do things that she simply did not want to do. If her mother had just been a little more relaxed and not so caught up in her daughter becoming a child prodigy, then they would have had a better relationship. If parents push their children to do something they do not want to do, they may end up, like Jing-mei's mother, paying for it.    Works Cited and Consulted: Ghymn, Ester. Images of Asian American Women by Asian American Women Writers. vol. 1. NY: Peter Lang 1995. Souris, Stephen. "'Only Two Kinds of Daughters:'" Inter-Monologue Dialogicity in The Joy Luck Club." Melus 19.2 (Summer 1994):99-123. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Willard, Nancy. Asian American Women Writers. Ed. Harold Bloom. Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia 1997.

Al Gore’s Speeches

Al Gore Speaks on Global Warming and the Environment Beacon Theater, New York January 15, 2004, Noon Thank you, Carol, Joan and Peter. And thanks to all of you for coming here today. lt was an honor to work with Carol Browner on environmental policies in the last administration and I am grateful for her leadership of Environment 2004. I want to thank Peter for his leadership as Executive Director of MoveOn. org Civic Action and I appreciate all of those who have worked in the trenches with both of these organizations that are co-sponsoring today’s speech.I want to say a special word about Joan Blades, who traveled from California for this event and who, along with her husband, Wes Boyd, co-founded Moveon. org. She has been from the beginning a moving force behind the emergence of this dynamic new grassroots movement in American politics and public policy. I have made a series of speeches about the policies of the Bush / Cheney Administration towards the major challenges that c onfront our nation: national security, economic policy, civil liberties, and today: the environment.For me, this issue is in a special category because of what I believe is at stake. I am particularly concerned because the vast majority of the most respected environmental scientists from all over the world have sounded a clear and urgent alarm. The international community – including the United States – began a massive effort several years ago to assemble the most accurate scientific assessment of the growing evidence that the earth’s environment is sustaining severe and potentially irreparable damage from the unprecedented accumulation of pollution in the global atmosphere.In essence, these scientists are telling the people of every nation that global warming caused by human activities is becoming a serious threat to our common future. I am also troubled that the Bush/Cheney Administration does not seem to hear the warnings of the scientific community in the sa me way that most of us do. Here is what we are talking about: PICTURES 1 THROUGH 8 Even though the earth is of such vast size, the most vulnerable part of the global environment is the atmosphere – because it is surprisingly thin – as the late Carl Sagan used to say: like a coat of varnish on a globe.PICTURES 9 THROUGH 12 I don’t think there is any longer a credible basis for doubting that the earth’s atmosphere is heating up because of global warming. PICTURES 13 THROUGH 65 So the evidence is overwhelming and undeniable. Global Warming is real. It is happening already and the anticipated consequences are unacceptable. But it is important to understand that this crisis is actually just a symptom of a deeper underlying cause: PICTURES 66 THROUGH 126Yet in spite of the clear evidence available all around us, there are many who still do not believe that Global Warming is a problem at all. And it’s no wonder: because they are the targets of a massive a nd well-organized campaign of disinformation lavishly funded by polluters who are determined to prevent any action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming, out of a fear that their profits might be affected if they had to stop dumping so much pollution into the atmosphere.And wealthy right-wing ideologues have joined with the most cynical and irresponsible companies in the oil, coal and mining industries to contribute large sums of money to finance pseudo-scientific front groups that specialize in sowing confusion in the public’s mind about global warming. They issue one misleading â€Å"report† after another, pretending that there is significant disagreement in the legitimate scientific community in areas where there is actually a broad-based consensus.The techniques they use were pioneered years earlier by the tobacco industry in its long campaign to create uncertainty in the public’s mind about the health risks caused by tobacco smoke . Indeed, some of the very same scientific camp-followers who took money from the tobacco companies during that effort are now taking money from coal and oil companies in return for their willingness to say that global warming is not real. PICTURES 127 AND 128In a candid memo about political strategy for Republican leaders, pollster Frank Luntz expressed concern that voters might punish candidates who supported more pollution, but offered advice on the key tactic for defusing the issue: PICTURE 129 The Bush Administration has gone far beyond Luntz’ recommendations, however, and has explored new frontiers in cynicism by time and time again actually appointing the principal lobbyists and lawyers for the biggest polluters to be in charge of administering the laws that their clients are charged with violating.Some of these appointees have continued to work very closely with the outside pseudo-scientific front groups even though they are now on the public payroll. Two Attorneys Ge neral have now publicly accused officials in the Bush White House Council on Environmental Quality of conspiring with one of the outside groups to encourage the filing of a lawsuit as part of a shared strategy to undermine the possibility of government action on Global Warming.Vice President Cheney’s infamous â€Å"Energy Task Force† advised lobbyists for polluters early in the new administration that there would be no action by the Bush White House on Global Warming and then asked for their help in designing a totally meaningless â€Å"voluntary† program. One of the industry lobbyists who heard this pitch later made an unguarded speech to his peers about the experience and said the following: â€Å"Let me put it to you in political terms. The President needs a fig leaf. He’s dismantling Kyoto, but he’s out there on a limb. The White House has routinely gone out on a limb to involve large contributors representing companies charged with violating environmental laws and regulations in the drafting of new laws and regulations designed to let their clients off the hook. The story is the same when it comes to protecting the American people from pollution. The Bush administration chooses special interests over the public interest, ignoring the scientific evidence in favor of policies its contributors demand. Consider Mercury, an extremely toxic pollutant causing severe developmental and neurological defects in fetuses.We know its principal unregulated source is coal-fired power plants. But the Bush Administration has gutted the protections of the Clean Air Act, revoking an earlier determination by the EPA that mercury emissions from power plants should be treated as hazardous air pollutants. Even Bush’s own FDA issued warning about mercury in tuna. Are you all right with that – the President saying that Mercury shouldn’t be treated as a hazardous air pollutant? Consider toxic wastes. The Superfund has gone fr om $3. 8 billion to a shortfall of $175 million.The result is fewer cleanups, slower cleanups, and a toxic mess left for our children. That’s because the Bush administration has let its industry friends off the hook; the tax these polluters used to pay to support the Superfund has been eliminated, so that you, me, and other taxpayers are left holding the bill. Are you all right with that – the country’s worst polluters getting off the hook while you and I pay? And consider the enforcement of environmental laws. For three years in a row, the Bush administration has sought to slash enforcement personnel levels at EPA.Offices were told to back off cases, leaving one veteran EPA servant to say, â€Å"The rug was pulled out from under us†¦You look around and say, â€Å"What contribution can I make here? † Are you all right with that – the EPA being stripped of its ability to protect our air and water? I’ll tell you who’s all right wi th that. A recent review of contributions to the Bush campaign from utility industry executives, lawyers and lobbyists showed that 15 individuals were Bush Pioneers – those who raised at least $100,000 for the Bush campaign.We’ve seen this radical change in our parks too. Just ask the coalition of more than 100 retired career park service employees who wrote a letter saying that their mission to protect parks’ natural resources has been changed to focus on commercial and special-interest use of parks. These are not small shifts in policy – they are radical changes that reverse a century of American policy designed to protect our natural resources. Here’s what America used to be. Yellowstone Park was created in 1872, in part to preserve its forest, mineral and geothermal resources.Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 championed this philosophy, setting aside millions of acres of forest reserves, national monuments and wildlife refuges. This balanced approach – combining use of needed resources in the short term with conservation for future generations — has been honored by Roosevelt on down the line, president after president – until this one. In preparing this series of speeches, I have noticed a troubling pattern that characterizes the Bush/Cheney Administration’s approach to almost all issues. In almost every policy area, the Administration’s consistent goal has been to liminate any constraints on their exercise of raw power, whether by law, regulation, alliance or treaty – and in the process they have in each case caused America to be seen by the other nations of the world as showing disdain for the international community. In each case they devise their policies with as much secrecy as possible and in close cooperation with the most powerful special interests that have a monetary stake in what happens. In each case the public interest is not only ignored but actively undermined.In each case they devote considerable attention to a clever strategy of deception that appears designed to prevent the American people from discerning what it is they are actually doing. Indeed, they often use Orwellian language to disguise their true purposes. For example, a policy that opens national forests to destructive logging of old-growth trees is labeled â€Å"The Healthy Forest Initiative. † A policy that vastly increases the amount of pollution that can be dumped into the air is called the â€Å"Clear Skies Initiative. And in case after case, the policy adopted immediately after the inauguration has been the exact opposite of what was pledged to the American people during the election campaign. The promise by candidate Bush to conduct a â€Å"humble† foreign policy and avoid any semblance of â€Å"nation building† was transformed in the first days of the Bush presidency, into a frenzied preparation for a military invasion of Iraq, complete with detailed plans fo r the remaking of that nation under American occupation.And in the same way, a solemn promise made to the country that carbon dioxide would be regulated as a polluting greenhouse gas was instantly transformed by the inauguration into a promise to the generators of CO2 that it would not be regulated at all. And a seemingly heartfelt declaration to the American people during the campaign that he genuinely believed that global warming is a real problem which must be addressed was replaced after the Inauguration by a dismissive expression of contempt for careful, peer-reviewed work by EPA scientists setting forth the plain facts on at global warming.These and other activities make it abundantly clear that the Bush White House represents a new departure in the history of the Presidency. He is so eager to accommodate his supporters and contributors that there seems to be very little that he is not willing to do for them at the expense of the public interest. To mention only one example, w e’ve seen him work tirelessly to allow his friends to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Indeed, it seems at times as if the Bush-Cheney Administration is wholly owned by the coal, oil, utility and mining companies.While President Bush likes to project an image of strength and courage, the truth is that in the presence of his large financial contributors he is a moral coward – so weak that he seldom if ever says â€Å"No† to them on anything – no matter what the public interest might mandate. The problem is that our world is now confronting a five-alarm fire that calls for bold moral and political leadership from the United States of America. With such leadership, there is no doubt that we could solve the problem of global warming.After all, we brought down communism, won wars in the Pacific and Europe simultaneously, enacted the Marshall Plan, found a cure for polio and put men on the moon. When we set our sights on a visionary goal and are un ified in pursuing it, there is very little we cannot accomplish. And it is important to recall that we have also already succeeded in organizing a winning global strategy to solve one massive global environmental challenge: PICTURE 130 AND 131Instead of spending enormous sums of money on an unimaginative and retread effort to make a tiny portion of the Moon habitable for a handful of people, we should focus instead on a massive effort to ensure that the Earth is habitable for future generations. If we make that choice, the U. S. can strengthen our economy with a new generation of advanced technologies, create millions of good new jobs, and inspire the world with a bold and moral vision of humankind’s future. PICTURES 132 THROUGH 138 We are now at a true fork in the road. And in order to take the right path, we must choose the right values and adopt the right perspective.PICTURES 139 THROUGH 142 My friend the late Carl Sagan, whose idea it was to take this picture of the Earth , said this: â€Å"Look again at that dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know. Everyone you ever heard of, ever y human being who ever WAS lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering , thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child inventor and xplorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every â€Å"superstar†, every â€Å"supreme leader†, every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there – on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors, so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot.Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds , Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light†¦ The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes.Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand†¦ There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known Here are some excerpts from Al Gore's Nobe l Prize acceptance speech, as transcribed by the Toronto Star: Sometimes, without warning, the future knocks on our door with a precious and painful vision of what might be.One hundred and nineteen years ago, a wealthy inventor read his own obituary, mistakenly published years before his death. Wrongly believing the inventor had just died, a newspaper printed a harsh judgment of his life's work, unfairly labeling him ‘The Merchant of Death' because of his invention – dynamite. Shaken by this condemnation, the inventor made a fateful choice to serve the cause of peace. Seven years later, Alfred Nobel created this prize and the others that bear his name. Seven years ago tomorrow, I read my own political obituary in a judgment that seemed to me harsh and mistaken – if not premature.But that unwelcome verdict also brought a precious if painful gift: an opportunity to search for fresh new ways to serve my purpose. Unexpectedly, that quest has brought me here. Even tho ugh I fear my words cannot match this moment, I pray what I am feeling in my heart will be communicated clearly enough that those who hear me will say, ‘We must act. ‘ The distinguished scientists with whom it is the greatest honor of my life to share this award have laid before us a choice between two different futures – a choice that to my ears echoes the words of an ancient prophet: ‘Life or death, blessings or curses.Therefore, choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live. ‘ We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency – a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst – though not all – of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: ‘They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent. ‘ So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.As a result, the earth has a fever. And the fever is rising. The experts have told us it is not a passing affliction that will heal by itself. We asked for a second opinion. And a third. And a fourth. And the consistent conclusion, restated with increasing alarm, is that something basic is wrong. We are what is wrong, and we must make it right Earth's Fate Is the No. 1 National Security Issue By Al Gore Friday, October 12, 200 7 11:05 AM Editor's note: The following article appeared in the Post's Outlook section on May 14, 1989. HOW CAN WE possibly explain the mistakes and false starts President Bush has been making on environmental policy?His administration's decision to censor scientific testimony on the seriousness of the greenhouse effect — and initially to oppose an international convention to begin working out a solution to it — may well mean that the president himself does not yet see the threat clearly. Apparently he does not hear the alarms that are awakening so many other leaders from Margaret Thatcher to Mikhail Gorbachev. Humankind has suddenly entered into a brand new relationship with the planet Earth. The world's forests are being destroyed; an enormous hole is opening in the ozone layer.Living species are dying at an unprecedented rate. Chemical wastes, in growing volumes, are seeping downward to poison groundwater while huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofl uo-rocarbons are trapping heat in the atmosphere and raising global temperatures. How much information is needed by the human mind to recognize a pattern? How much more is needed by the body politic to justify action in response? If an individual or a nation is accustomed to looking at the future one year at a time, and the past in terms of a single lifetime, then many large patterns are concealed.But seen in historical perspective, it is clear that dozens of destructive effects have followed the same pattern of unprecedented acceleration in the latter half of the 20th century. It took 10,000 human lifetimes for the population to reach 2 billion. Now in the course of one lifetime, yours and mine, it is rocketing from 2 billion to 10 billion, and is already halfway there. Yet, the pattern of our politics remains remarkably unchanged. That indifference must end. As a nation and a government, we must see that America's future is inextricably tied to the fate of the globe.In effect, the environment is becoming a matter of national security — an issue that directly and imminently menaces the interests of the state or the welfare of the people. To date, the national-security agenda has been dominated by issues of military security, embedded in the context of global struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union — a struggle often waged through distant surrogates, but which has always harbored the risk of direct confrontation and nuclear war. Given the recent changes in Soviet behavior, there is growing optimism that this long, dark period may be passing.This may in turn open the international agenda for other urgent matters and for the release of enormous resources, now committed to war, toward other objectives. Many of us hope that the global environment will be the new dominant concern. Of course, this national-security analogy must be used very cautiously. The U. S. -Soviet rivalry has lasted almost half a century, consumed several trillion s of dollars, cost close to 100,000 American lives in Korea and Vietnam and profoundly shaped our psychological and social consciousness.Much the same could be said of the Soviets. Nothing relieves us of our present responsibilities for defense or of the need to conduct painstaking negotiations to limit arms and reduce the risk of war. And yet, there is strong evidence the new enemy is at least as real as the old. For the general public, the shocking images of last year's drought, or of beaches covered with medical garbage, inspired a sense of peril once sparked only by Soviet behavior. The U2 spy plane now is used to monitor not missile silos but ozone depletion.Every day in parts of southern Iowa, where it hasn't rained for more than a year, National Guard troops are being used to distribute drinking water. In the not too distant future, policies that enable the rescue of the global environment will join, perhaps even supplant, our concern with preventing nuclear war as the princi pal test of statecraft. However, it is important to distinguish what would — in military jargon — be called the level of threat. Certain environmental problems may be important but are essentially local; others cross borders, and in effect represent theaters of operations; still others are global and strategic.On this scale, the slow suffocation of Mexico City, the deaths of forests in America and Europe or even the desertification of large areas of Africa might not not be regarded as full-scale national-security issues. But the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion do fit the profile of strategic national-security issues. When nations perceive that they are threatened at the strategic level, they may be induced to think of drastic responses, involving sharp discontinuities from everyday approaches to policy.In military terms, this is the point when the United States begins to think of invoking nuclear weapons. The global environment crisis may demand res ponses that are comparatively radical. At present, despite some progress made toward limiting some sources of the problem, such as CFCs, we have barely scratched the surface. Even if all other elements of the problem are solved, a major threat is still posed by emissions of carbon dioxide, the exhaling breath of the industrial culture upon which our civilization rests.The implications of the latest and best studies on this matter are staggering. Essentially, they tell us that with our current pattern of technology and production, we face a choice between economic growth in the near term and massive environmental disorder as the subsequent penalty. This central fact suggests that the notion of environmentally sustainable development at present may be an oxymoron, rather than a realistic objective. It declares war, in effect, on routine life in the advanced industrial societies.And — central to the outcome of the entire struggle to restore global environmental balance — it declares war on the Third World. If the Third World does not develop economically, poverty, hunger anddisease will consume entire populations. Rapid economic growth is a life-or-death imperative. And why should they accept what we, manifestly, will not accept for ourselves? Will any nation in the developed world accept serious compromises in levels of comfort for the sake of global environmental balance?Who will apportion these sacrifices; who will bear them? The effort to solve the nuclear arms race has been complicated not only by simplistic stereotypes of the enemy and the threat he poses, but by simplistic demands for immediate unilateral disarmament. Similarly, the effort to solve the global environmental crisis will be complicated not only by blind assertions that more environmental manipulation and more resource extraction are essential for economic growth.It will also be complicated by the emergence of simplistic demands that development, or technology itself, must be sto pped for the problem to be solved. This is a crisis of confidence which must be addressed. The tension between the imperatives of growth and the imperative of environmental management represents a supreme test for modern industrial civilization and an extreme demand upon technology. It will call for the environmental equivalent of the Strategic Defense Initiative: a Strategic Environment Initiative.I have been an opponent of the military SDI. But even opponents of SDI recognize this effort has been remarkably successful in drawing together previously disconnected government programs, in stimulating development of new technologies and in forcing a new analysis of subjects previously thought exhausted. We need the same kind of focus and intensity, and similar levels of funding, to deal comprehensively with global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, species loss, deforestation, ocean pollution, acid rain, air and water and groundwater pollution.In every major sector of economic act ivity a Strategic Environment Initiative must identify and then spread increasingly effective new technologies: some that are already in hand, some that need further work, and some that are revolutionary ideas whose very existence is now a matter of speculation. For example, energy is the life blood of development. Unfortunately, today's most economical technologies for converting energy resources into useable forms of power (such as burning coal to make electricity) release a plethora of pollutants. An Energy SEI should focus on producing energy for development without compromising the environment.Priorities for the near term are efficiency and conservation; for the mid-term, solar power, possibly new-generation nuclear power, and biomass sources (with no extraneous pollutants and a closed carbon cycle); and for the long term, nuclear fusion, as well as enhanced versions of developing technologies. In agriculture, we have witnessed vast growth in Third World food production through the Green Revolution, but often that growth relied on heavily subsidized fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and mechanization, sometimes giving the advantage to rich farmers over poor ones.We need a second green revolution, to address the needs of the Third World's poor: a focus on increasing productivity from small farms on marginal land with low-input agricultural methods. These technologies, which include financial and political components, may be the key to satisfying the land hunger of the disadvantaged and the desperate who are slashing daily into the rain forest of Amazonia. It may also be the key to arresting the desertification of sub-Saharan Africa, where human need and climate stress now operate in a deadly partnership.Needed in the United States probably more than anywhere is a Transportation SEI focusing in the near term on improving the mileage standards of our vehicles, and encouraging and enabling Americans to drive less. In the mid-term come questions of alternati ve fuels, such as biomass-based liquids or electricity. Later will come the inescapable need for re-examining the entire structure of our transportation sector, with its inherent emphasis on the personal vehicle. The U. S. government should organize itself to finance the export of energy-efficient systems and renewable energy sources.That means preferential lending arrangements through the Export-Import Bank, and Overseas Private Investment Corporation. Encouragement for the Third World should also come in the form of attractive international credit arrangements for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable processes. Funds could be generated by institutions such as the World Bank, which, in the course of debt swapping, might dedicate new funds to the purchase of more environmentally sound technologies.Finally, the United States, other developers of new technology, and international lending institutions, should establish centers of training at locations around the world to cr eate a core of environmentally educated planners and technicians — an effort not unlike that which produced agricultural research centers during the Green Revolution. Immediately, we should undertake an urgent effort to obtain massive quantities of information about the global processes now under way — through, for example, the Mission to Planet Earth program of NASA.And we also must target first the most readily identifiable and correctable sources of environmental damage. I have introduced a comprehensive legislative package that incorporates the major elements of this SEI: It calls for a ban, within five years, on CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals, while promoting development of safer alternatives; radically reducing CO2 emissions and increasing fuel efficiency; encouraging massive reforestation programs; and initiating comprehensive recycling efforts.Although Congress is recognizing the challenge, there remains a critical need for presidential leadership, fo r President Bush to show that as a nation we have the vision and the courage to act responsibly. And in order to accomplish our goal, we also must transform global politics, shifting from short-term concerns to long-term goals, from conflict to cooperation. But we must also transform ourselves — or at least the way we think about ourselves, our children and our future.The solutions we seek will be found in a new faith in the future of life on earth after our own, a faith in the future which justifies sacrifices in the present, a new moral courage to choose higher values in the conduct of human affairs, and a new reverence for absolute principles that can serve as guiding stars for the future course of our species and our place within creation.